List of exam questions from Biology and Genetics 2 (2nd year General Medicine)

Please note that during the exam you will answer three questions from the following list. The numbering does not correspond to the numbering during the exam, where single number is connected to three questions.

• J. G. Mendel and his laws of inheritance
• Genotype variation, mutations and recombination
• Phenotype variation, environmental influences
• Disorders with multifactorial inheritance in man
• Twins and twin studies
• Patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance
• Patterns of autosomal recessive inheritance
• Patterns of X-linked inheritance
• Multifactorial inheritance, heritability
• Disorders with Mendelian inheritance in man
• Genetic liability, threshold model
• Dihybridism, non-allelic genes interaction. Multiple alleles
• Family studies, pedigree analysis
• Genetic linkage analysis
• Genetic mapping, application of human genome mapping
• Extrachromosomal and non-Mendelian inheritance
• Mendelian population, Castle-Hardy-Weinberg law
• Factors affecting C.-H.-W. equilibrium
• Genetic linkage
• Structure and function of procaryotes
• Reproduction and genetics of bacterias and viruses
• Meiosis and its disturbances
• The cell cycle and its regulation and disturbances
• Conjugation, transformation and transduction
• Structure and function of eucaryotic cells
• Structure of the procaryotic chromosomes
• Structure of the eucaryotic chromosomes
• Crossing-over, its mechanism and importance
• Gametogenesis
• Mitosis and its disturbances
• Chromosome number and structure, techniques of examination
• Abnormalities of chromosome structure
• Human chromosomes (karyotype)
• Gene expression and its regulation in procaryotes
• Gene expression and its regulation in eucaryotes
• Disorders of the autosomes
• Disorders of the sex chromosomes
• Indications for chromosome analysis
• Aethiology of chromosome abnormalities
• Cell and tissue in vitro cultivation
• DNA repair mechanisms and their disturbances
• DNA, structure and function
• RNAs, structure and function
• Protein coding and signal sequences of DNA
• DNA replication
• Transcription and RNA processing and splicing
• Nucleic acid polymorphism
• The genetic code
• DNA diagnostic direct methods
• Translation and posttranslational processing
• DNA diagnostic indirect methods
• Gene mutations, types and effects
• Germ cell and somatic cell chromosome mutations
• Ethical issues in medical genetics, eugenics
• Prevention and treatment of genetic diseases
• Genetics of transplantations
• Tumour suppressor genes
• Dysmorphology, birth defects in humans
• Genetics of immunoglobulin structure and diversity
• Genetics of embryonic development
• Genetic counseling
• The function of immunocompetent cells
• Cancer families
• Presymptomatic diagnostics of cancers
• Genetic control of immune response
• Prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases
• Protooncogenes and oncogenes
• Gene structure and function
• The AB0 blood groups, genetics and clinical importance
• Mutagenic and teratogenic factors of environment
• Mutator genes and genome stability
• Genetic polymorphisms
• Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities
• Natural selection (types)
• Immunodeficiency, immunotolerance
• Aging and death, apoptosis
• Genetic drift and gene flow
• Inbreeding, consanguinity and inherited diseases
• Genetic mechanisms of evolution
• Chromosome and protein evolution
• Evolution of the human species, races
• Mutagenes and mutagenesis
• The molecular basis of genetic diseases
• Haemoglobin and the haemoglobinopathies
• Ecology, main ecology problems
• Physical mapping of human genome, HUGO
• Rhesus blood group, haemolytic disease of the newborn
• Cancer cells characteristics
• Carrier detection and presymptomatic diagnostics
• Teratogenesis and teratogenes
• Sex differentiation and its disturbances
• The sex chromosomes and sex determination
• Gene manipulation
• The inborn errors of metabolism, prevention and therapy 
• Immunity and tumours, gene therapy
• The major histocompatibility complex, HLA 
• Population screening
• Gene therapy