‹#›
1st= week 1.10. - 5.10.2006
=
=
•REPETITION =
=
![](3D"slide0001_image002.gif")
1
SELE= CTED TASKS of summer semester
=
=
•1. Nondisjunction =
in
Down, Turner, and Klinefelter
syndrome
•2. Evaluation of karyotype
with aberration
•3. Linkage
•
•
•
•4. Estimates
of gene frequencies
2
Introduction to
POPULATION GENETICS
POPULATION GENETICS
![](3D"slide0072_image004.gif")
=
=
•p. 80/Task 6e, a, b (preserve this order)
•Remaining c) and d) - syndromes XXX and supermale – home w=
ork,
as selfstudy!
<=
/span>
•
•N.B.: Fill in all possibilities of the
nondisjunction events for a particular syndrome co=
uld
originate. T=
his is
asked in the text, e=
xactly
as in the final exam test. =
3;
3
General schedule of
disjunction
of chromosomes in the meiosis<= br> and fertilisation=
of chromosomes in the meiosis<= br> and fertilisation=
4
![](3D"slide0081_image005.gif")
normal gamete
zygote
normal gamete of the second parent
No.No.
or XX
or XX
or XY
No.
No.
No.
Normal karyotype
Germinal cell
(pair of chromosomes)
(pair of chromosomes)
After the meiosis I=
(single chromosome)
(single chromosome)
After the meiosis
II
(monochromatidal chromosome)
(monochromatidal chromosome)
No. No.
Chromatid disjunction
=
in meiotic division II.
No.
No.
Chromosome disjunction
in meiotic division I.
No.
No.
No.
![](3D"slide0091_image006.gif")
General schedule of nondisjunction
(principle, examp= le)
(principle, examp= le)
5
aberrant
gamete
zygote
normal=
gamete
of the second parent
(monosomic)<=
/div>
cytogenetic diagnosis
No.
No. No.
No. No. No.
No.No.
or XX
or XX
or XY
No.
No.
No.
No.
No. No.
Chromatid nondisjunction
<=
/b>
in meiotic division II.
Germ cell
(pair of chromosomes)
(pair of chromosomes)
After the meiosis I=
(single chromosome)
(single chromosome)
After the meiosis
II
(monochromatidal chromosome)
(monochromatidal chromosome)
=
6e) =
Down syndrom=
e (simple trisomy)
Nondisjunction in the meiosis I
in the father or in the mother=
Nondisjunction in the meiosis I
in the father or in the mother=
6
![](3D"slide0082_image007.gif")
aberrant gamete=
zygote
normal gamete of the second parent (monosomic)
21 21
21 21
21 21
21 21
21 21 21
21
47,XX,+2147,XY,+21
21 21
Chromosome nondisjunction
=
in meiotic division I.
7
=
6e) =
Down
syndrome (simple trisomy)
Nondisjunction in the meiosis II
in the father or = in the mother
Nondisjunction in the meiosis II
in the father or = in the mother
![](3D"slide0092_image008.gif")
zygote
21 21
21
21
21 21
21 21
21 21 21
21
21
21
47,XX,+2147,XY,+21
aberrant gamete=
normal gamete of the second parent (monosomic)
Chromatid nondisjunction
<=
/b>
in meiotic division II.
6a) =
Turner syndrome
Nondisjunction in the paternalmeiosis I
Nondisjunction in the paternal
X Y
X Y
8
![](3D"slide0074_image009.gif")
zygote
X Y
X Y
=
;
X
X
=
;
=
;
45,X
aberrant gamete=
mother’=
s normal gamete (monosomic)
Chromosome nondisjunction
=
in meiotic division I.
9
6a) =
Turner syndro=
me
Nondisjunction in the ma= ternal
meiosis I
Nondisjunction in the ma= ternal
meiosis I
![](3D"slide0075_image010.gif")
zygote
X X
X X
X X
X
X
=
;
45,X
X X
aberrant gamete=
father&=
#8217;s normal gamete (monosomic)
Chromosome nondisjunction
=
in meiotic division I.
6a) =
Turner syndrome
Nondisjunction in the paternalmeiosis II
<=
/div>
![](3D"slide0076_image011.gif")
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Nondisjunction in the paternal
10
X X
X
Y Y
X
zygote
X Y
X
Y
X
X
=
;
45,X
Y
Y
!! or:
aberrant =
gamete=
mother’=
s normal gamete (monosomic)
Chromatid
nondisjunction
in meiotic
division II.
6a) Turner syndrome
Nondisjunction in the ma= ternal
meiosis II
Nondisjunction in the ma= ternal
meiosis II
11
![](3D"slide0078_image012.gif")
zygota
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
=
;
45,X
X
aberrant gamete=
father&=
#8217;s normal gamete (monosomic)
Chromatid nondisjunction
<=
/b>
in meiotic division II.
6b) Klinefelter syndrome
Nondisjunction in the paternal
meiosis I
Nondisjunction in the paternal
meiosis I
12
![](3D"slide0079_image013.gif")
aberrant gamete=
mother’=
s normal gamete (monosomic)
zygote
X Y
X Y
=
;
X Y
X Y
X X Y
X
=
;
=
;
47,XXY
X Y
Chromosome nondisjunction
=
in meiotic division I.
6b) =
Klinefelter<=
span
lang=3DCS style=3D'font-size:63%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'> syndrome
Nondisjunction in the ma= ternal
meiosis I
Nondisjunction in the ma= ternal
meiosis I
13
![](3D"slide0077_image014.gif")
X X
zygote
X X
X X
X X
X X Y
Y
47,XXY
<=
/div>
X X
aberrant gamete=
father&=
#8217;s normal gamete (monosomic)
Chromosome nondisjunction
=
in meiotic division I.
6b) =
Klinefelter<=
span
lang=3DCS style=3D'font-size:63%;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN'> syndrome
Nondisjunction in the maternal
meiosis II
Nondisjunction in the maternal
meiosis II
14
![](3D"slide0080_image015.gif")
X X
X
X
zygote
X X
X
X
X X
X X Y
Y
47,XXY
<=
/div>
aberrant gamete=
father&=
#8217;s normal gamete (monosomic)
Chromatid nondisjunction
<=
/b>
in meiotic division II.
2. Evaluation of k=
aryotype
with=
aberration
=
=
•a) Task 9a, b/ p. 82
•b) Task 16/ p. 88
•c) Segregation of chromosomes to gametes
![3D"HM00363_"](3D"slide0015_image017.gif")
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
•d) m. Down – conclusion of recurrent risk<=
/div>
15
=
=
- total number of chromosomes (46, 45, 47,
other)
- heterochromosomal complement (XX, XY, other=
)
- completeness of pairs (disomy, monosomy)
- surplus (redundant) chromosomes (trisomy, markers)
16
![3Dxok](3D"slide0017_image019.gif")
![](3D"slide0017_image020.gif")
17
The difference between cytogenetic and clinical diagnosis
![=3Dxok](3D"slide0099_image021.gif")
![](3D"slide0099_image022.gif")
18
![](3D"slide0099_image023.gif")
Clinical diagnosis
![](3D"slide0099_image024.gif")
Cytogenetic diagnosis<=
/div>
![](3D"slide0099_image025.gif")
![](3D"slide0099_image026.gif")
![](3D"slide0099_image027.gif")
Not all individuals
expressing the symptoms
of a concrete (=
here
e.g. Turner) syndrome
have
to have the same cytogenetic finding (formula, annotation,
diagnosis). But all individuals sharing the same
cytogenetic diagnosis usually express the same complex
phenotype (syndrome, disease).
![](3D"slide0099_image028.gif")
![](3D"slide0099_image029.gif")
![](3D"slide0099_image030.gif")
![](3D"slide0083_image032.gif")
![](3D"slide0083_image033.gif")
![](3D"slide0083_image034.gif")
<=
i>Annotation according to<=
/i> ISCN 1995: 45,XY,der(14;21)
=
Annotation according to<=
/i> ISCN 200<=
/b>5: 45,XY,der(14;21) =
; &n=
bsp;
or 45,XY,rob(14;21)
![](3D"slide0083_image035.gif")
Solution: carrier of balanced translo<=
/span>cation 14;21
19
c) segregation of chromosomes to gametes
in previous = individual
in previous = individual
20
![](3D"slide0084_image037.gif")
45,XY,rob(14;21)
21
14
14
21
14
21
21
21
14
14
14
14
21
21
NORMAL
M. DOWN
33,3%
=
;
LETHAL
BALANCED
=
TRANSLOCATION=
=
;
14
21
![](3D"slide0085_image038.gif")
d) m. Down – co=
nclusion
of reccurent risk =
(expected =
chromosomal findings in parents and reccurent risk in dependence on finding in m. Down affected
individual)
21
MORBUS DOWN
PROBAND
PARENTS
RISK
MOSAICISM – <=
/span>depends on ratio of=
the
cell lines with normal and aberrant number of chromosome 21
3. Linkage
=
=
•a) Task 2=
/p. 99 – =
back-cross in trans configuration, gametogenesis and phenotype frequ=
encies
•b) Task <=
/span>10/p. 1=
04 – linkage in genealogy (nail-patella s=
y)
22
Demons=
tration:
back-cross= in trans = phase (corresponds to Task 2/p. 99), repetition of= production of gametes and phenotype frequencies
back-cross= in trans = phase (corresponds to Task 2/p. 99), repetition of= production of gametes and phenotype frequencies
23
![](3D"slide0023_image040.gif")
24
![](3D"slide0037_image042.gif")
25
![](3D"slide0041_image044.gif")
![](3D"slide0100_image046.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image047.gif")
b)
Task 10/p. 104 – linkage in genealogy (nail-patella sy)
![](3D"slide0024_image048.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image049.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image050.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image051.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image052.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image053.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image054.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image055.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image056.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image057.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image058.gif")
![](3D"slide0024_image059.gif")
00
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
00
00
00
00
00
00
A0
A0
A0
I
II
III
Fig. No. VII/2
27
![](3D"slide0088_image061.gif")
NPS+&#=
13;
0
B
NPSmut&#=
13;
![](3D"slide0088_image062.gif")
NPS+&#=
13;
0
0
NPS+&#=
13;
![](3D"slide0088_image063.gif")
NPS+&#=
13;
NPS+&#=
13;
0
B
![](3D"slide0088_image064.gif")
00
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
00
00
00
00
00
00
A0
A0
A0
I
II
III
![](3D"slide0088_image065.gif")
NPS+&#=
13;
0
0
NPSmut&#=
13;
![](3D"slide0088_image066.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image067.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image068.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image069.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image070.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image071.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image072.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image073.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image074.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image075.gif")
![](3D"slide0088_image076.gif")
28
Fig. No. VII/2
Answers:
=
=
•a) A=
D (g=
ive allele=
s names, =
e.g. NPSmut a NPS+),
•b) y=
es (Note: loc=
alization known today,
9q34),
•c) homologo=
us chromosomes (haplotypes) in grand-father I/1 are 0
NPS+ / 0 NPS+,=
and in g=
rand-mother
I/2 are B=
NPSmu=
t / 0 =
NPS+<=
/span>,
•d) r=
ecombinat=
ion is
present in sons II/5, II/8 a II/14,=
a=
s well
as in grand-daughter <=
span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1;width:1.31%'> III/3,
•e) r=
ecombination
ratio is 4/16 =3D 0,25, i.e. =
25 %
of rec=
ombinations between the genes,
•f) y=
es – recombination =
p=
resent
in III/3 originated in m=
eiosis in m=
a=
n II/3.
29
![](3D"slide0087_image077.gif")
00
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
B0
00
00
00
00
00
00
A0
A0
A0
I
II
III
NPS+
=
;
0
=
;
B
=
;
NPSmut
=
;
NPS+
=
;
0
=
;
0
=
;
NPS+
=
;
NPS+
=
;
NPS+
=
;
0
=
;
B
=
;
NPS+
=
;
0
=
;
0
=
;
NPSmut
=
;
30
Fig. No. VII/2
4.
Introduction to population genetics
R=
11;
estimates of gene frequencies
=
=
a) Task =
1=
/p.139
– freq=
uencies of alleles in MN s=
yste=
m
b) Task =
4=
/p. 140
– estimates of fre<=
span
style=3D'font-size:85%;font-style:normal;color:yellow;mso-color-index:3'>q=
uencies
of deleterious
(recessive) all=
eles
The lecture has taken place in t=
he
last semester – see short introductory text and formulas [3] a<=
span
style=3D'font-size:85%;font-style:normal'>nd [4] on pp. 138 and 139.
31
![](3D"slide0093_image078.gif")
1
2
2
)
(
)
(
2
)
(
=3D=
3;
+=
3;
+=
3;
aa
Aa
AA=
3;
q
pq
p
Castle-Hardy-Weinberg law
=
=
•Applied on panmictic population under the assumption =
of
limiting conditions
32
=
=
•Basic relation for a system with two
alleles in a given gene
![](3D"slide0094_image079.gif")
1=
3;
)=
3;
(=
3;
)=
(=
3;
=3D
+
a=
A=
q=
3;
p=
3;
Castle-Hardy-Weinberg law
![](3D"slide0094_image080.gif")
)=
3;
(=
3;
a=
q=
3;
1=
3;
)=
3;
(=
3;
=3D
-
A=
3;
p=
3;
approximation
1
![](3D"slide0094_image081.gif")
)
(
A
p
2
)
(
=3D=
3;
Aa
pq
q
2
, if
approaches
.
33
![](3D"slide0029_image082.gif")
a) Task 1=
/p.139 =
211; frequencies of
alleles in MN system
Phenotype
Number of persons
M
406
MN
744
N
332
34
‹#›
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Repetition & population genetics
![](3D"slide0104_image098.gif")
frequency in population
number of all individuals in the sample
number of recessive homozygotes
=3D
=3D
=3D
q=
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dDt9DQp=
------=_NextPart_01C945D9.9675C490
Content-Location: file:///C:/2B3A5638/Aopak2r1t08_soubory/script.js
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii"
function LoadSld()
{
var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) {
sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
return
}
if( MakeNotesVis() ) return
runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
InitHLinkArray()
if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
document.body.scroll=3D"no"
_RSW()
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
FullScrInit();
=09
MakeSldVis();
ChkAutoAdv()
if( runAnimations )
{
if( document.all("NSPlay") )
document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;
if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
else
document.body.start();
}
}
function MakeSldVis()
{
var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
if( fTrans )
{
if( g_bgSound ) {
idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
}
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()
}
SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( fTrans )
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()
{
if( !IsNts() ) return false
SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
parent.SetHasNts(0)
if( nObj ) {
nObj.style.display=3D""
parent.SetHasNts(1)
}
return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
if(SldHasTrans())
SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
else
AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
var sld=3DGetCurSld()
if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la=
stIndexOf('/')+1) }
function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl=
e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false }
function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
&& navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
if( msie >=3D 0 )
ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
else
ver=3DparseInt(appVer)
return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
return
var padding=3D0;
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6
cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH
newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1
s=3DSlideObj.style
s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds )
gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
}
}
}
function _KDH()
{
if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
event.returnValue =3D 0;
parent.GoToPrevSld();
}
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;
if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames=
Mode() ) ||
(event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) {
if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex=
t )
return;
parent.GoToNextSld();
}
}
var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va=
r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;
var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"Konec prezentace, klepnutím ukončíte=
předvádění.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Frames", gIsEndShow=
=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D40, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_HREF=3D"fullscr=
een.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
"slide0072.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0010.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("=
slide0081.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0091.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0082.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0092.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
ide0074.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0075.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli=
de0076.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0078.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
e0079.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0077.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide=
0080.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0015.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0=
016.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0017.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00=
99.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0083.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide008=
4.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0085.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0022=
.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0023.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0037.=
htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0041.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0100.h=
tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0088.ht=
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,1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0094.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0029.htm",=
1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0101.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0102.htm",1=
,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0103.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0104.htm",1,=
-1,1),new hrefList("slide0105.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0106.htm",1,-=
1,1));
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1
if (End < Start)
return href.substring(0, Start)
else
return href.substring(0, End)
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
var dir =3D doc.body.dir
if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}
function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }
function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }
function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }
function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }
function BtnOnUp()
{
b=3DGetBtnObj()
if( b !=3D null )
b.Perform()
else
Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }
function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }
function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }
function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
s.display=3D"none"
if( fVal )
s.display=3D""
else
s.display=3D"none"
}
function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }
function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }
function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etPressed() }
function _BSetA_BorderImg()
{
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN=
tsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.=
ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To=
ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n=
b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n=
b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice=
","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT=
xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
var sNext=3D"Další",sPrev=3D"Předchozí",sEnd=3D"Kon=
ec prezentace",sFont=3D"Arial",sArrow=3D"Šipka",sFreeform=3D"Voln&yacu=
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function ShowMenu()
{
BuildMenu();
var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
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m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight
m.style.display=3D""
}
function _CM()
{
if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
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ShowMenu()
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} else
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{
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mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
var s=3DmObj.style
s.position=3D"absolute"
s.cursor=3D"default"
s.width=3D"120px"
SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")
var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
iObj.style.padding=3D2
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
CreateSeparator( iObj )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}
function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }
function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }
function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }
function Perform()
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
e.Action()
else
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
e.style.color=3Dclr
}
}
function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }
function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }
function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();=
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }
function M_True() { return true }
function M_End() { window.close( self ) }
function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
var e=3DCreateItem( node )
e.type=3D"menuitem"
e.Action=3Daction
e.IsActive=3Deval
e.innerHTML=3Dtext
if( !e.IsActive() )
e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"
e.onclick=3DPerform
e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
s=3De.style;
s.fontFamily=3DsFont
s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
s.paddingLeft=3D2
}
function CreateSeparator( node )
{
var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
var s=3DsObj.style
s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
s.height=3D1
s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}
function CreateItem( node )
{
var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
node.insertBefore( elem )
return elem
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function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
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var s=3Do.style
s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
s.borderWidth=3D1
s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_01C945D9.9675C490
Content-Location: file:///C:/2B3A5638/Aopak2r1t08_soubory/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
Repetition & population genetics
35
=
=
•Solution:=
•<=
/span>d=
irect calculation of t=
he freque=
ncy=
of one =
o=
f allele=
s according to f=
ormula
[3] on p. 138
•
•
•<=
/span>C=
alculation
of the frequency of the second <=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> allele=
q(a) as addition to 1.=
3;
Task 1/=
p.139 – frequencies of alleles in MN system
in the sample
individual=
s
all
number of<=
/span>
2
)
(
tes
of heteroz=
ygo
number
)
(
of homozyg=
otes
number
2
´=
3;
+
´=
3;
=3D
Aa
AA
p(A)
35
Task 1/p.139 – =
frequencies of alleles in MN system
0
744
812
alleles M
1 556
1 408
1 482
Total
664
744
0
alleles N
332
N
744
406
persons
Number of
MN
M
phenotype
36
Task 4/p. 140 – estimates of
frequencies of
deleterious (recessive) alleles
Disease
Abbrev.
population
frequency
phenylketonuria
PKU
1/8100
cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)
CF
1/2500
37
=
Task 4/p. 140 – estimates of
frequencies of
deleterious (recessive) alleles
=
=
•Solution:=
e=
stimate calculated =
a=
ccording
to formula [=
4] on p. 139 (top),
38
<=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:4.6%;left:.18%;width:100.0%;height:7.31%'><=
span
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:74%'>Task 4/p. 140 – estimates of
frequencies of
deleterious (recessive) alleles
estimate
49/50 =3D 1
89/90 =3D 1
p =3D 1 - q
1/50
1/90
q
1/2500
1/8100
Freque=
ncy in popula=
tion
CF
PKU
diseas=
e
2pq =3D 2q=
2 x 1 x 1/50
=3D 1/25
=3D 1/25
2 x 1 x 1/90
=3D 1/45
=3D 1/45
˙
˙
˙
39
Home study of population genetics required – no other lecture with <=
/span>this topic will be.
40
Klepnutím lze upravit styly předlohy textu.
=
Druhá úroveň
Třetí úroveň
Čtvrtá úroveň
Pátá úroveň
‹#›
33
34
35
36
' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
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