‹#›
![](3D"slide0001_image001.gif")
2nd=
year, winter semester
1st= week October 14 – 16, 2008
1st= week October 14 – 16, 2008
•P O P U L A T I O N
•G E N E T I C S
•I.=
3;
1
=
The
lecture has taken place in the last semester – see short introductory te=
xt
and formulas [3] and [4] on pp. 138 and 139.=
1. Introduction to population genetics – estimates of gene frequencies=
a) Task =
1=
/p.139
– freq=
uencies of alleles in MN blood group system
b) Task 3/p. 139 – gene frequencies in =
the
Rh blood group system
c=
) Task
2/p. 139 – gene frequencies in the d=
ominant
system (T,=
t)=
d=
) Task 4/p=
. 140 – estimates of frequencies of d=
eleterious (recessive)=
all=
eles
2
![](3D"slide0093_image002.gif")
1
2
2=
=
3;
)=
=
3;
(=
=
3;
)=
=
3;
(=
=
3;
2=
=
3;
)=
=
3;
(=
=
3;
=3D=
3;
+=
3;
+=
3;
aa=
3;
Aa=
3;
AA=
3;
q
pq
p
Castle=
-Hardy-Weinberg
law
=
Applied on panm=
ictic
population under the assumption of limiting conditions
3
B=
asic
relation for a system with two alleles i=
n a
given gene
![](3D"slide0094_image003.gif")
1
)=
3;
(=
3;
)=
(=
3;
=3D
+
a=
A=
q=
3;
p=
3;
Castle=
-Hardy-Weinberg
law
![](3D"slide0094_image004.gif")
)=
(=
a=
q=
3;
1=
3;
)=
(=
=3D
-
A=
p=
3;
approximation
1
![](3D"slide0094_image005.gif")
)=
=
3;
(=
=
3;
A=
=
3;
p
2=
=
3;
)=
=
3;
(=
=
3;
=3D=
3;
Aa=
3;
pq
q
2
, if
approaches
.
4
![](3D"slide0029_image006.gif")
Task 1=
/p.139 =
211; frequencies of
alleles in MN blood group system
Phenotype
Number of persons
M
406
MN
744
N
332
5
Task 1=
/p.139 =
211; frequencies of
alleles in MN blood group system
•Solution:
•direct =
c=
alculation
of the f=
req=
uency o=
f one of a=
l=
leles =
a=
ccording
to formula [=
3] on
p. 138
•
•
•
•Calculation of the frequency of the second=
a=
ll=
ele as
addition to 1.
![](3D"slide0095_image007.gif")
in the sample
individuals
all
number of
2<=
/div>
)<=
/div>
(<=
/div>
tes
of hetero=
zygo
number
)<=
/div>
(<=
/div>
of homozygotes
number
2<=
/div>
´
+=
3;
´
=3D=
3;
Aa=
=
3;
AA=
=
3;
p<=
/span>=
3;
6
Task 1/p.139 – =
frequencies of alleles in MN system
![](3D"slide0096_image008.gif")
0
744
812
alleles M
![](3D"slide0096_image009.gif")
1 556
1 408
![](3D"slide0096_image010.gif")
1 482
Total
![](3D"slide0096_image011.gif")
664
744
0
alleles N
![](3D"slide0096_image012.gif")
332
N
744
406
persons
Number of
MN
M
phenotype
![](3D"slide0096_image013.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image014.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image015.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image016.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image018.gif")
![](3D"slide0096_image020.gif")
7
Task 3/p. 139 – gene frequencie=
s
in the Rh blood = group system
in the Rh blood = group system
•In a population, 16 % of persons were Rh
negative (Rh-) – for better calculating, otherwise in Czech populati=
on
it is 13.4 %
<=
nobr>•Rh+ individuals
……. homozygotes DD
![](3D"slide0101_image021.gif")
Estimates:
![](3D"slide0101_image023.gif")
8
Task 3/p. 139 – <=
/span>gene frequencies
in the Rh blood = group system
in the Rh blood = group system
![](3D"slide0102_image025.gif")
![](3D"slide0102_image027.gif")
9
Task 2a/p. 139 – Estimation of gene frequencies in the dominant system
3=
0 % of
persons unable to recognize the bitter taste of PTC in a given population
(non-tasters)
(Tt) =
=3D
0.495
![](3D"slide0099_image028.gif")
![](3D"slide0099_image029.gif")
10
![](3D"slide0099_image030.gif")
genotypes
![](3D"slide0099_image031.gif")
phenotype
Estimation of gene frequencies in two-allele polymorphism
(T, t=
)
in the population sample of students
in the population sample of students
p=
henotyping
of PTC tasting in students in the classroom: o=
ne
drop of saturated solu=
tion
of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) on the tip of the
tongue
=3D
•
•
![](3D"slide0100_image032.gif")
![](3D"slide0100_image033.gif")
![](3D"slide0100_image034.gif")
11
![](3D"slide0031_image035.gif")
Task 4/p. 140 – estimates of
frequencies of
deleterious (recessive) alleles
Disease
Abbrev.
population
frequency
phenylketonuria
PKU
1/8100
cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis)
CF
1/2500
12
![](3D"slide0097_image036.gif")
Task 4/p. 140 – estimates of
frequencies of
deleterious (recessive) alleles
S=
olution: the estimate c=
alculated according to formula [4] on p. 139 (top),
13
![](3D"slide0098_image037.gif")
Task 4/p. 140 – estimates of frequencies =
of deleterious (recessive) alleles
estimate
49/50 =3D 1
89/90 =3D 1
p =3D 1 - q
1/50
1/90
q
1/2500
1/8100
Freque=
ncy in popula=
tion
CF
PKU
diseas=
e
2pq =3D 2q=
2 x 1 x 1/50
=3D 1/25
=3D 1/25
2 x 1 x 1/90
=3D 1/45
=3D 1/45
˙
˙
˙
14
2. Selection against (recess=
ive) homozy=
gotes
![](3D"slide0119_image039.gif")
![](3D"slide0119_image041.gif")
Intensity
of selection against genotype i (i.e. AA, Aa or aa)
wi … fitness, average relative
reproduction ability of the genotype i
15
![](3D"slide0119_image042.gif")
1 – q2=
s
q2 (1 – s)
2pq
p2
=
![](3D"slide0119_image043.gif")
1 – s
1
1
wi
![](3D"slide0119_image044.gif")
s
0
0
si
![](3D"slide0119_image045.gif")
1
q2
2pq
p2
=
∑<=
/span>
aa
Aa
AA
=
![](3D"slide0119_image046.gif")
Gene frequency of
recessive alelle a after one generation of selection of intensity s :<=
/div>
![](3D"slide0104_image048.gif")
![](3D"slide0104_image050.gif")
Intergenerational change of gene frequency as consequence of sele=
ction
of intensity s :
![](3D"slide0104_image052.gif")
ð gene frequency does=
not
change=
ð polymorphism is stable ð thereafter must be :
![](3D"slide0104_image053.gif")
0
=3D=
3;
D=
3;
q
If
1. p =3D 0 (population f=
ormed
only by homozygotes aa)
2. q2 =3D 0, i.e. q =3D 0 (population =
formed
only by homozygotes AA)
3. s =3D 0, (considered=
type of
selection does not take place)
![](3D"slide0104_image054.gif")
![](3D"slide0104_image055.gif")
16
If D=
q ¹=
0, gene frequencies change from generation to<=
span
style=3D'font-size:55%;mso-ansi-language:1024'> =
generation – population polymorphism is of
transitional t=
ype
•When s =3D 1, it is a case of a
system with recessive lethal effect
![](3D"slide0105_image057.gif")
![](3D"slide0105_image058.gif")
![](3D"slide0105_image060.gif")
![](3D"slide0105_image061.gif")
![](3D"slide0105_image062.gif")
![](3D"slide0105_image064.gif")
1=
1=
After two generation of selection proceedi=
ng
this way
After three generations of lethal effect
17
Selection by/against cystic fibro=
sis (mucoviscidosis)
Task 6a,b/= p. 142
Task 6a,b/= p. 142
•A=
nswer
a) : 50 generations
![](3D"slide0106_image066.gif")
![](3D"slide0106_image068.gif")
![](3D"slide0106_image069.gif")
![](3D"slide0106_image071.gif")
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Population genetics 1
![](3D"slide0107_image073.gif")
![](3D"slide0107_image074.gif")
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Population genetics 1
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Population genetics 1
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Population genetics 1
![](3D"slide0112_image095.gif")
a) Gene frequencies :
![](3D"slide0112_image097.gif")
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Population genetics 1
![](3D"slide0117_image099.gif")
![](3D"slide0117_image101.gif")
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------=_NextPart_01C945D9.3BF1EC60
Content-Location: file:///C:/E518CA38/APOP108_soubory/script.js
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii"
function LoadSld()
{
var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) {
sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
return
}
if( MakeNotesVis() ) return
runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
InitHLinkArray()
if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
document.body.scroll=3D"no"
_RSW()
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
FullScrInit();
=09
MakeSldVis();
ChkAutoAdv()
if( runAnimations )
{
if( document.all("NSPlay") )
document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;
if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
else
document.body.start();
}
}
function MakeSldVis()
{
var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
if( fTrans )
{
if( g_bgSound ) {
idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
}
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()
}
SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( fTrans )
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()
{
if( !IsNts() ) return false
SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
parent.SetHasNts(0)
if( nObj ) {
nObj.style.display=3D""
parent.SetHasNts(1)
}
return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
if(SldHasTrans())
SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
else
AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
var sld=3DGetCurSld()
if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la=
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function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl=
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function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
&& navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) }
function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
if( msie >=3D 0 )
ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
else
ver=3DparseInt(appVer)
return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
return
var padding=3D0;
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6
cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH
newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1
s=3DSlideObj.style
s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds )
gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
}
}
}
function _KDH()
{
if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
event.returnValue =3D 0;
parent.GoToPrevSld();
}
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;
if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && (window.name=3D=3D"PPTSld") && !parent.IsFrames=
Mode() ) ||
(event && event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) {
if( g_animUseRuntime && g_animMainSequence && g_animMainSequence.cangonex=
t )
return;
parent.GoToNextSld();
}
}
var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
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r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;
var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"Konec prezentace, klepnutím ukončíte=
předvádění.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Frames", gIsEndShow=
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een.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
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slide0094.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0029.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0095.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0096.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
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.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0111.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0112.=
htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0117.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0118.h=
tm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0032.htm",1,-1,1));
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1
if (End < Start)
return href.substring(0, Start)
else
return href.substring(0, End)
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+obj.mSldHref)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
var dir =3D doc.body.dir
if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
}
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
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------=_NextPart_01C945D9.3BF1EC60
Content-Location: file:///C:/E518CA38/APOP108_soubory/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
Population genetics 1
Extension of preced=
ing
consideration – after many (t) generations of
selection (t - time)
q
q(t)
t
generations
Arrangement of the formula
Calculation :
b) :
7450 generations
18
Selection by/against cystic fibro=
sis (mucoviscidosis)
Task 6c/= p. 142
Task 6c/= p. 142
•Answer: the frequency was 1 ð ð 49 generations ago (ca 1=
000
yr) the entire population was affected by CF
Other extension of
initial consideration – before many (t) generations of
selection (t - time)
q0
q(t)
t=
=
generations=
3;
Arrangement of the formula
Calculation :
19
Paradoxical result can be commented <=
/span>e.i. as an inappropriate application =
of the model
20
I=
f, 49 generations ago
(some time arround the y=
ears 900 to
1000), there has been formed the entire population (exactly according to the result q =3D 1) by recessive homozygotes,
w=
hich
is i) a nonsense, because there have been no reports, that all people have
suffered with CF at that time,
t=
hen
ii) any selection itself could not change anything on that state.
3. Selection favouring heterozygotes - I
Task 7/p. 142
Task 7/p. 142
21
Selection favouring heterozygotes - II
Task 7/p. 142
Task 7/p. 142
22
Selection favouring heterozygotes - III
Task 7/p. 142
Task 7/p. 142
ð gene frequency does=
not
change=
ð polymorphism is stable ð thereafter must be :
0
=3D=
3;
D=
3;
q
If
1. p =3D 0 (population f=
ormed
only by homozygotes aa)
2. q =3D 0 (popula=
tion
formed only by homozygotes AA)
3. ps1 - qs2 =3D 0, fr=
om it
follows
(1 - q)s1 - qs2 =3D s1 - =
qs1 - qs2 =3D s1 - =
q(s1 + s2) =3D 0
s1 =3D q(s1 + s2)
s1/(s1 + s2) =3D q
23
Selection favouring heterozygotes - IV
Task 8/pp. 143-144
Task 8/pp. 143-144
Sickle-cell anaemia as stable polymorphism by =
heterozygous advant=
age
24
Selection favouring heterozygotes - V
Task 8/pp. 143-144
Task 8/pp. 143-144
The
population is not in C-H-W equilibrium=
25
Selection favouring heterozygotes - VI
Task 8/pp. 143-144
Task 8/pp. 143-144
b)
Estimation of values of selection coefficients
Relations O/E in the table represent reproduction =
ability of individu=
als
with different genotypes
<=
/b>
w1 =3D 0.983=
/1.119 =3D
0.879
w2 =3D 0.154=
/1.119 =3D
0.138
s1 =3D 1 – w1 =3D 1 - 0=
.879 =3D
0.121
s2 =3D 1 – w2 =3D 1 - 0.138 =3D 0.862
Fitness
of =
AA
and aa
26
Selection coefficients
Study of
population gen=
etics required
– no other lecture with this topic will be.
27
Klepnutím lze upravit styly předlohy textu.
=
Druhá úroveň
Třetí úroveň
Čtvrtá úroveň
Pátá úroveň
‹#›
4
5
6
7
23
' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
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známky![](3D"buttons.gif")
